Superparamagnetic agents in magnetic resonance imaging: physicochemical characteristics and clinical applications. A review.

Superparamagnetic agents in magnetic resonance imaging: physico-chemical characteristics and clinical applications. Superparamagnetic agents have been the subject of extensive research over the last decade. They consist of iron oxide nanoparticles which are highly effective in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The particle size varies widely and influences their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Their main present and future applications by the parenteral route are: imaging of gastrointestinal tract, liver and spleen, lymph nodes. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (USPIO) are also blood pool agents which could be used for perfusion imaging (i.e. brain or myocardial ischemic diseases) as well as for imaging of vessels in Magnetic Resonance Angiography. These agents open up an important field of research into more specific agents adapted to clinicians' needs in diagnostic imaging.