Culture and classification: the cross-cultural application of the DSM-IV.

Changes incorporated into the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) include a number of features designed to enhance its cross-cultural applicability. However, the overt move toward a culture-sensitive nosology is undermined by an implicit assumption of the universality of its primary syndromes. In this review we argue that the DSM-IV's underlying thesis of universality based on Western-delineated mental disorders is problematic and has limited cross-cultural applicability. Research on the cross-cultural manifestation of schizophrenia and depression shows that presentation of these disorders varies significantly across cultures. We conclude by discussing the research and clinical implications of these findings.