Contribution of proton release to the B2 photocurrent of bacteriorhodopsin.

The contribution of proton release from the so-called proton release group to the microsecond B2 photocurrent from bacteriorhodopsin (bR) oriented in polyacrylamide gels was determined. The fraction of the B2 current due to proton release was resolved by titration of the proton release group in M. At pH values below the pKa of the proton release group in M, the proton release group cannot release its proton during the first half of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. At these pH values, the B2 photocurrent is due primarily to translocation of the Schiff base proton to Asp85. The B2 photocurrent was measured in wild-type bR gels at pH 4.5-7.5, in 100 mM KCl/50 mM phosphate. The B2 photocurrent area (proportional to the amount of charge moved) exhibits a pH dependence with a pKa of 6.1. This is suggested to be the pKa of the proton release group in M; the value obtained is in good agreement with previous results obtained by examining photocycle kinetics and pH-sensitive dye signals. In the mutant Glu204Gln, the B2 photocurrent of the mutant membranes was pH independent between pH 4 and 7. Because the proton release group is incapacitated, and early proton release is eliminated in the Glu204Gln mutant, this supports the idea that the pH dependence of the B2 photocurrent in the wild type reflects the titration of the proton release group. In wild-type bacteriorhodopsin, proton release contributes approximately half of the B2 area at pH 7.5. The B2 area in the Glu204Gln mutant is similar to that in the wild type at pH 4.5; in both cases, the B2 current is likely due only to movement of the Schiff base proton to Asp85.