Light-induced currents from oriented purple membrane: II. Proton and cation contributions to the photocurrent.

The sign of B2, the micro-second component of the photocurrent from oriented purple membrane, is that of positive charge moving away from the purple membrane in the direction of proton release. B2 could be due to internal dipole or proton movement, proton release, or metal cation release. We found that the waveform of B2 is virtually insensitive to changes in the salt concentration as long as it is >40 mM KCl, >5 mM CaCl(2), or >0.5 mM LaCl(3). However, below these limits, B2's apparent rate of decay increases as the salt concentration decreases without any change in the initial amplitude. This salt dependence suggests that B2 is due to a positive charge, either a metal cation or a proton, moving from the membrane into the solution. That the positive charge is not a metal cation is suggested by the waveform of B2 remaining unchanged upon replacing the cations both in solution and in the binding sites of the purple membrane. Direct evidence that the positive charge movement is due to protons was obtained by examining the correlation of B2 with the proton dependent processes of bacteriorhodopsin in buffers and dyes. Based on these observations, we suggest that most, if not all, of the intrinsic B2 component of the photocurrent at moderate salt concentration is due to proton release.The photocurrents from purple membranes whose surface potential has been reduced by delipidation or chemical modification of carboxyl groups with methyl esters were found to be only modestly changed. This suggests that the salt effect is not through its modulation of the surface potential. Rather, we propose that in low salt B2 represents the sum of a proton release from the surface of the purple membrane and a second current component, due to cations moving back towards the membrane, which is only important in low salt. The cation counter current is induced by proton release which creates a transient uncompensated negative charge on the membrane.