Aequorea victoria bioluminescence moves into an exciting new era.

Bioluminescence has revolutionized research into many cellular and molecular-biological processes, ranging from intracellular signalling to gene transcription. This article focuses on the chemistry and biotechnological exploitation of the two proteins involved in bioluminescence of the jellyfish Aequorea victoria--aequorin and green fluorescent protein. Engineered recombinant aequorin has led to a novel technological approach to monitoring calcium signals in organelles and subcellular domains. A new generation of intracellular calcium indicators has been produced in which engineered variants of green fluorescent protein are used to probe their ionic environment using intramolecular fluorescence-resonance-energy transfer.