Structure-function studies of ligand-induced epidermal growth factor receptor dimerization.

We present a novel 96-well assay which we have applied to a structure-function study of epidermal growth factor receptor dimerization. The basis of the assay lies in the increased probability of EGFRs being captured as dimers by a bivalent antibody when they are immobilized in the presence of a cognate ligand. Once immobilized, the antibody acts as a tether, retaining the receptor in its dimeric state with a resultant 5-7-fold increase in binding of a radiolabeled ligand probe. When the assay was applied to members of the EGF ligand family, murine EGF, transforming growth factor alpha, and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor were comparable with human EGF (EC50 = 2nM); betacellulin, which has a broader receptor specificity, was slightly less effective. In contrast, amphiregulin (AR1-84), which has a truncated C-tail and lacks a conserved leucine residue, was ineffective unless used at >1 microM. We further probed the involvement of the C-tail and the conserved leucine residue in receptor dimerization by comparing the activities of two genetically modified EGFs (the chimera mEGF/TGFalpha44-50 and the EGF point mutant L47A) and a C-terminally extended form of AR (AR1-90) with those of two other unrelated EGF mutants (I23T and L15A). The potency of these ligands was in the order EGF > I23T > mEGF/TGFalpha44-50 > L47A = L15A >> AR1-90 > AR1-84. Although AR was much worse than predicted from its affinity, this defect could be partially rectified by co-localization of the immobilizing antibody with heparin. Thus, it seems likely that AR cannot dimerize the EGFR unless other accessory molecules are present to stabilize its functional association with the EGFR.