Capillary electrophoresis chips with integrated electrochemical detection.

Capillary electrophoresis systems with integrated electrochemical detection have been microfabricated on glass substrates. Photolithographic placement of the working electrode just outside the exit of the electrophoresis channel provides high-sensitivity electrochemical detection with minimal interference from the separation electric field. Microchip electrophoretic separations of neurotransmitters in under 100 s exemplify the good resolution and attomole detection sensitivity of these devices. Using indirect electrochemical detection, high-sensitivity DNA restriction fragment and PCR product sizing has also been performed. These microdevices match the detector's size to that of microfabricated separation and reaction devices, bringing to reality the lab-on-a-chip concept.