NeuroNames Brain Hierarchy.

The NeuroNames Brain Hierarchy is a structured system of neuroanatomical terminology that provides a comprehensive representation of virtually all human and nonhuman primate brain structures that are identifiable either grossly or in Niss1-stained histological sections. This system was devised for computer applications to address deficiencies in the brain terminology presented in Nomina Anatomica. English terms are listed for 783 structures in nine levels of hierarchical ranking. Abbreviations are provided for all superficial and primary volumetric structures. The substructures that constitute the total volume of every superstructure are identified. Superficial features of the brain are clearly distinguished from internal, volumetric brain structures. Structures found solely in either humans or macaques are identified. The purpose of the NeuroNames Brain Hierarchy is to bring greater standardization to the neuroanatomical terminology used by scientific investigators, clinicians, and students. This effort is consistent with the goals of the Unified Medical Language System program of the National Library of Medicine. It is hoped that the systematic construction of the NeuroNames Brain Hierarchy will facilitate use of the most widely accepted definitions of classical neuroanatomy in quantitative computerized neuroimaging applications. It should provide an accurate structural framework against which to reference the many other kinds of neuroanatomical information that are acquired by modern imaging, mapping, and histological labeling techniques.