Functional identification of the input-output transforms of motoneurones in the rat and cat.

1. We studied the responses of rat hypoglossal and cat lumbar motoneurones to a variety of excitatory and inhibitory injected current transients during repetitive discharge. The amplitudes and time courses of the transients were comparable to those of the synaptic currents underlying unitary and small compound postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) recorded in these cells. Poisson trains of ten of these excitatory and ten inhibitory current transients were combined with an additional independent, high-frequency random waveform to approximate band limited white noise. The white noise waveform was then superimposed on long duration (39 s) suprathreshold current steps. 2. We measured the effects of each of the current transients on motoneurone discharge by compiling peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs) between the times of occurrence of individual current transients and motoneurone discharges. We estimated the changes in membrane potential associated with each current transient by approximating the passive response of the motoneurone with a simple resistance-capacitance circuit. The relations between the features of these simulated PSPs and those of the PSTHs were similar to those reported previously for real PSPs: the short-latency PSTH peak (or trough) was generally longer than the initial phase of the PSP derivative, but shorter than the time course of the PSP itself. Linear models of the PSP to PSTH transform based on the PSP time course, the time derivative of the PSP, or a linear combination of the two parameters could not reproduce the full range of PSTH profiles observed. 3. We also used the responses of the motoneurones to the white noise stimulus to derive zero-, first- and second-order Wiener kernels, which provide a quantitative description of the relation between injected current and discharge probability. The convolution integral computed for an injected current waveform and the first-order Wiener kernel should provide the best linear prediction of the associated PSTH. This linear model provided good matches to the PSTHs associated with a wide range of current transients. However, for the largest amplitude current transients, a significant improvement in the PSTH match was often achieved by expanding the model to include the convolution of the second-order Wiener kernel with the input. 4. The overall transformation of current inputs into firing rate could be approximated by a second-order Wiener model, i.e. a cascade of a dynamic, linear filter followed by a static non-linearity. At a given mean firing rate, the non-linear component of the response of the motoneurone could be described by the square of the linear component multiplied by a constant coefficient. The amplitude of the response of the linear component increased with the average firing rate, whereas the value of the multiplicative coefficient in the non-linear component decreased. As a result, the overall transform could be predicted from the mean firing rate and the linear impulse response, yielding a relatively simple, general description of the motoneurone input-output function.