Metaplasticity: a new vista across the field of synaptic plasticity.

Over the past 20 years there has been an increasing understanding of the properties and mechanisms underlying long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic efficacy, putative learning and memory mechanisms in the mammalian brain. More recently, however, it has become apparent that synaptic activity can also elicit persistent neuronal responses not manifest as changes in synaptic strength. Some of these changes may nonetheless modify the ability of synapses to undergo strength changes in response to subsequent episodes of synaptic activity. This kind of activity-dependent modulatory plasticity we have termed "metaplasticity". Metaplasticity has been observed physiologically as an inhibition of LTP and concomitant facilitation of LTD by prior N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation or, conversely, a facilitation of LTP induction by prior metabotropic glutamate receptor activation. The examples of metaplasticity described to date are input specific, and last as long as several hours. The mechanisms underlying such phenomena remain to be fully characterized, although some likely possibilities are an altered N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function, altered calcium buffering, altered states of kinases or phosphatases, and a priming of protein synthesis machinery. While some details vary, experimentally observed metaplasticity bears some similarity to the "sliding threshold" feature of the Bienenstock, Cooper and Munro model of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity. Metaplasticity may serve several functions including (1) providing a way for synapses to integrate a response across temporally spaced episodes of synaptic activity and (2) keeping synapses within a dynamic functional range, and thus preventing them from entering states of saturated LTP or LTD.