Karyotype variability in yeast caused by nonallelic recombination in haploid meiosis.

Chromosomes of altered size were found in the meiotic products of a haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain by pulsed field gel electrophoretic separation of whole chromosomes. About 7% of haploid meioses produced chromosomes that differed by > or = 10 kb from their wild-type counterparts. Chromosomes most often became enlarged or shortened due to recombination events between sister chromatids at nonallelic sequences. By this mechanism chromosome III acquired tandem arrays of up to eight extra copies of the approximately kb MAT-HMR segment during repeated rounds of haploid meioses. Enlarged chromosomes III were unstable and changed their size during meiosis more often than remaining unchanged. Altered chromosomes appeared also as the products of intrachromatid recombination and of reciprocal translocations caused by ectopic recombination between nonhomologous chromosomes. In diploid meiosis, chromosomes of altered size occurred at least 10 times less frequently, whereas in mitotic cultures cells with altered karyotypes were virtually absent. The results show that various forms of ectopic recombination are promoted by the absence of allelic homologies.