Confusion of concepts in mixture toxicology.

Regulatory limit values are generally set for single compounds. However, humans are exposed both simultaneously and sequentially to a wide variety of compounds. Some concepts on mixture toxicology are discussed in this introduction to the European Conference on Combination Toxicology. Studies on mixtures are often accompanied by statements about the type of combined action, which can be, for example, additive, synergistic or antagonistic. Unfortunately, comparison of results is hardly possible for various reasons. First, the terminology for indicating combined action is far from consistent. Bearing this in mind, researchers should be explicit in the definitions of terms. Secondly, depending on the model, different conclusions may be drawn from the same results. It is therefore important to provide clear definitions of the null hypothesis. Thirdly, adequate statistical methods should be used for testing the null hypothesis. In the past, many mixtures studies either used no statistics or used statistics incorrectly. Last, but not least, the study should be designed in such a way that it should be possible to obtain clear answers. In this introduction, it is stressed that environmental toxicologists should focus on the low-dose region of the dose-effect curves. It appears that interactions are less plausible at low doses. Dose additivity, however, cannot be excluded.