Heparin and heparan sulfate bind to snake cardiotoxin. Sulfated oligosaccharides as a potential target for cardiotoxin action.

Cardiotoxins (CTXs) from cobra venom show cytotoxicity toward several cell types. They cause systolic heart arrest and severe tissue necrosis. Their interaction with phospholipids is established but by itself fails to explain the specificity of these toxins; other component(s) of membrane must, therefore, intervene to direct them toward their target. We herein show, for the first time, that sulfated glycosaminoglycans, heparin, heparan sulfate (HS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and dermatan sulfate (DS), interact with CTX A3, a major component of Taiwan cobra venom, by use of affinity chromatography, circular dichroism, absorbance, and fluorescence intensity and anisotropy measurements. The relative strength of binding, determined by the NaCl concentration required to dissociate the CTX-glycosaminoglycan complex, varied as follows: heparin > DS > CS > HS. In physiological buffer (8 mM Na2HPO4, 2.7 mM KCl, 1.8 mM KH2PO4, 138 mM NaCl, pH 7.4), however, only heparin and HS bound to CTX, with respective dissociation constants of 1.4 and 16 microM, while CS and DS failed to exhibit well defined binding behavior, as indicated by fluorescence measurements. We estimate that CTX makes 3-4 ionic contacts with heparin based on a salt-dependent binding study and that approximately 40% of binding free energy is derived from purely electrostatic interactions under physiological conditions. Sulfated pentasaccharide may be sufficient to bind to CTX. We also found that heparin accentuates the penetration of CTX into phospholipid membranes as analyzed by Langmuir monolayer measurement. In view of these results we propose that heparin-like moieties of the cell surface may modulate the action of CTX.