BACKGROUND: Intravenous anesthetics etomidate, propofol, and midazolam produce negative inotropic effects of various degrees. The mechanism underlying these differences is largely unknown. METHODS: The effects of intravenous anesthetics on L-type Ca2+, transient outward and inward-rectifier K+ channel currents (ICa, IKto, and IK1) were compared in canine ventricular cells using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique. ICa and IK were elicited by progressively depolarizing cells from -40 to +40 mV, and from -90 to +60 mV, respectively. The peak amplitude and time-dependent inactivation rate of ICa and IK were measured before, during, and after the administration of equimolar concentrations (5, 30, or 60 microM) of etomidate, propofol, or midazolam. RESULTS: Exposure to etomidate, propofol, and midazolam produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of ICa. Midazolam was the most potent intravenous anesthetic; at 60 microM, etomidate, propofol, and midazolam decreased peak ICa by 16 +/- 4% (mean +/- SEM), 33 +/- 5%, and 47 +/- 5%, respectively. Etomidate, propofol, and midazolam given in a 60-microM concentration decreased IKto by 8 +/- 3%, 9 +/- 2%, and 23 +/- 3%, respectively. IK1 was decreased by 60 microM etomidate and midazolam by 20 +/- 6% and 14% +/- 5%, respectively. Propofol had no effect on IK1. CONCLUSIONS: At equimolar concentrations, intravenous anesthetics decreased the peak ICa, IKto, and IK1 with various degrees of potency. Effects of anesthetics on ICa were significantly greater compared with their effects on K+ currents. These findings suggest that the negative inotropic actions of etomidate, propofol, and midazolam are related, at least in part, to decreased ICa. Some effects, such as IK inhibition, may partially antagonize effects of decreased ICa. Indeed, the final effect of these intravenous anesthetics on myocardium will be the sum of these and other sarcolemmal and intracellular effects.
BACKGROUND: Intravenous anesthetics etomidate, propofol, and midazolam produce negative inotropic effects of various degrees. The mechanism underlying these differences is largely unknown. METHODS: The effects of intravenous anesthetics on L-type Ca2+, transient outward and inward-rectifier K+ channel currents (ICa, IKto, and IK1) were compared in canine ventricular cells using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique. ICa and IK were elicited by progressively depolarizing cells from -40 to +40 mV, and from -90 to +60 mV, respectively. The peak amplitude and time-dependent inactivation rate of ICa and IK were measured before, during, and after the administration of equimolar concentrations (5, 30, or 60 microM) of etomidate, propofol, or midazolam. RESULTS: Exposure to etomidate, propofol, and midazolam produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of ICa. Midazolam was the most potent intravenous anesthetic; at 60 microM, etomidate, propofol, and midazolam decreased peak ICa by 16 +/- 4% (mean +/- SEM), 33 +/- 5%, and 47 +/- 5%, respectively. Etomidate, propofol, and midazolam given in a 60-microM concentration decreased IKto by 8 +/- 3%, 9 +/- 2%, and 23 +/- 3%, respectively. IK1 was decreased by 60 microM etomidate and midazolam by 20 +/- 6% and 14% +/- 5%, respectively. Propofol had no effect on IK1. CONCLUSIONS: At equimolar concentrations, intravenous anesthetics decreased the peak ICa, IKto, and IK1 with various degrees of potency. Effects of anesthetics on ICa were significantly greater compared with their effects on K+ currents. These findings suggest that the negative inotropic actions of etomidate, propofol, and midazolam are related, at least in part, to decreased ICa. Some effects, such as IK inhibition, may partially antagonize effects of decreased ICa. Indeed, the final effect of these intravenous anesthetics on myocardium will be the sum of these and other sarcolemmal and intracellular effects.
Authors: Jakob Lüker; Arian Sultan; Tobias Plenge; Samuel Lee; Jan-Hendrik van den Bruck; Daniel Steven Journal: Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol Date: 2017-11-14
Authors: Nadine Vonderlin; Fathima Fischer; Edgar Zitron; Claudia Seyler; Daniel Scherer; Dierk Thomas; Hugo A Katus; Eberhard P Scholz Journal: Drug Des Devel Ther Date: 2014-11-07 Impact factor: 4.162
Authors: Zoe E Plummer; Sarah Baos; Chris A Rogers; M-Saadeh Suleiman; Alan J Bryan; Gianni D Angelini; James Hillier; Richard Downes; Eamonn Nicholson; Barnaby C Reeves Journal: JMIR Res Protoc Date: 2014-07-08