C D Swerdlow1, W Fan, J E Brewer. 1. Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif, USA. swerdlow@ucla.edu
Abstract
BACKGROUND: For biphasic waveforms, it is accepted that the ratio of the duration of phase 2 to the duration of phase 1 (phase-duration ratio) should be < or = 1. The charge-burping theory postulates that the beneficial effects of phase 2 are maximal when it completely removes the charge delivered by phase 1. It predicts that the phase-duration ratio should be < 1 when the time constant of the defibrillation system (tau s) exceeds the time constant of the cell membrane (tau m) but > 1 when tau s < tau m. This study tested the hypothesis that the optimal phase-duration ratio depends on tau s (the product of the defibrillator capacitance and pathway resistance). METHODS AND RESULTS: In a canine model of transvenous defibrillation (n = 8), we determined stored-energy defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) for biphasic waveforms from conventional capacitors (140 microF. tau s = 7.1 +/- 0.8 ms) and very small capacitors (40 microF. tau s = 2.0 +/- 0.2 ms). Each capacitance was tested with phase-duration ratios of 0.5, 1, 2, and 3. The duration of phase 1 approximated the optimal monophasic waveform, 6.3 +/- 0.7 ms for 140-microF waveforms and 2.8 +/- 0.2 ms for 40-microF waveforms. For 140-microF waveforms, the DFT was lower for phase-duration ratios < or = 1 than for phase-duration ratios > 1 (P = .0003). The reverse was true for 40-microF capacitors (P = .0008). There was a significant interaction between the effects of capacitance and phase-duration ratio on DFT (P = .0002). The lowest DFT for 40-microF waveforms was less than the lowest DFT for 140-microF waveforms (4.9 +/- 2.5 versus 6.4 +/- 2.4 J, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The optimal phase-duration ratio is < or = 1 for conventional capacitors and > 1 for small capacitors. This supports the predictions of the charge-burping theory.
BACKGROUND: For biphasic waveforms, it is accepted that the ratio of the duration of phase 2 to the duration of phase 1 (phase-duration ratio) should be < or = 1. The charge-burping theory postulates that the beneficial effects of phase 2 are maximal when it completely removes the charge delivered by phase 1. It predicts that the phase-duration ratio should be < 1 when the time constant of the defibrillation system (tau s) exceeds the time constant of the cell membrane (tau m) but > 1 when tau s < tau m. This study tested the hypothesis that the optimal phase-duration ratio depends on tau s (the product of the defibrillator capacitance and pathway resistance). METHODS AND RESULTS: In a canine model of transvenous defibrillation (n = 8), we determined stored-energy defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) for biphasic waveforms from conventional capacitors (140 microF. tau s = 7.1 +/- 0.8 ms) and very small capacitors (40 microF. tau s = 2.0 +/- 0.2 ms). Each capacitance was tested with phase-duration ratios of 0.5, 1, 2, and 3. The duration of phase 1 approximated the optimal monophasic waveform, 6.3 +/- 0.7 ms for 140-microF waveforms and 2.8 +/- 0.2 ms for 40-microF waveforms. For 140-microF waveforms, the DFT was lower for phase-duration ratios < or = 1 than for phase-duration ratios > 1 (P = .0003). The reverse was true for 40-microF capacitors (P = .0008). There was a significant interaction between the effects of capacitance and phase-duration ratio on DFT (P = .0002). The lowest DFT for 40-microF waveforms was less than the lowest DFT for 140-microF waveforms (4.9 +/- 2.5 versus 6.4 +/- 2.4 J, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The optimal phase-duration ratio is < or = 1 for conventional capacitors and > 1 for small capacitors. This supports the predictions of the charge-burping theory.