Mechanisms of tolerance to sodium nitroprusside in rat cultured aortic smooth muscle cells.

1. While exposure of smooth muscle cells to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) leads to the development of tolerance to soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activation, the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon in intact cells remain unclear. In the present study, possible mechanisms of tolerance were investigated in a cell culture model where sGC activity was estimated from the accumulation of cyclic GMP in response to 10 microM SNP over a 15 min period in the presence of a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. 2. Pretreatment of rat aortic smooth muscle cells with 10-500 microM SNP led to a dose-dependent downregulation of cyclic GMP accumulation upon subsequent SNP stimulation. This effect was evident as early as 2 h following incubation with 10 microM SNP, reached a plateau at 4 h and was blocked by co-incubation with 30 microM oxyhaemoglobin. 3. Pretreatment of smooth muscle cells with the PDE inhibitor, zaprinast, resulted in downregulation of the SNP-induced cyclic GMP accumulation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, that was first evident after 12 h. Moreover, while the zaprinast-induced downregulation of cyclic GMP accumulation was completely inhibited by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89, tolerance to SNP was partially reversed by H89. 4. beta 1 sGC steady state mRNA levels of S-nitroso N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)- or 8Br-cyclic GMP-pretreated cells were unchanged, as indicated by Northern blot analysis. However, Western blot analysis revealed that alpha 1 protein levels were decreased in zaprinast, but not in SNP, SNAP or 8Br-cyclic GMP pretreated cells. 5. While thiol depletion did not prevent the development of tolerance, pretreatment of cells with SNP in the presence of reducing agents partially or completely restored the ability of cells to respond to SNP. 6. We conclude that tolerance to SNP results from two distinct mechanisms: an early onset, NO-mediated event that is reversed by reducing agents and a more delayed, PKA-sensitive process that is mediated through increases in cyclic GMP and a decrease in sGC protein levels.