Neuromuscular-skeletal constraints upon the dynamics of perception-action coupling.

Four right-handed subjects performed rhythmic flexion and extension movements of the index finger in time with an auditory metronome. On each block of trials the forearm of the response hand was placed in a prone, neutral or supine position. In the flex-on-the-beat condition, subjects were instructed to coordinate maximum excursion in the direction of finger flexion with each beat of the metronome. In the extend-on-the-beat condition, subjects were instructed to coordinate maximum excursion in the direction of finger extension with each beat of the metronome. The frequency of the metronome was increased from 1.75 Hz to 3.50 Hz in eight steps (8-s plateaus) of 0.25 Hz. During trials prepared in the extend-on-the-beat pattern or to phase wandering often occurred, particularly at higher pacing frequencies. In marked constrast, during trials prepared in the flex-on-the-beat pattern such transitions were never present. Both the frequency and the alacrity of these transitions were greater when the forearm was in a prone or neutral position than when the forearm was in a supine position. These results are discussed with reference to the constraints imposed on the coordination dynamics by the intrinsic properties of the neuromuscular-skeletal system.