Disseminated intravascular coagulation: objective clinical and laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and assessment of therapeutic response.

Current concepts of the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical and laboratory diagnosis and management of fulminant and low-grade disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) have been presented. Considerable attention has been devoted to interrelationships within the hemostasis system. Only by clearly understanding the pathophysiological interrelationships can the clinician and laboratory scientist appreciate the divergent and wide spectrum of often confusing clinical and laboratory findings in patients with DIC. Objective clinical and laboratory criteria for diagnosis of DIC have been delineated, thus avoiding needless confusion and empirical decisions regarding the diagnosis. Many therapeutic decisions to be made are controversial and will remain so until more is published about specific therapeutic modalities and survival patterns. Also, therapy must be highly individualized depending on the nature of DIC, age, etiology of DIC, site and severity of hemorrhage or thrombosis, and hemodynamic and other clinical parameters. Also presented are clear criteria for severity of DIC and objective criteria for defining a response to therapy. Also, since it is often difficult for the individual physician to decide when to stop expensive therapy, objective criteria by which therapy may be stopped when continuation is likely fruitless are presented as a guideline.