The units of DNA replication in the mammalian chromosomes: evidence for a large size of replication units.

The replication of chromosomal DNA in human and Chinese hamster cell populations has been studied by means of the DNA fiber autoradiography. It was found that the rate of DNA replication for one fork in human cells varies from 0.2 to 0.9 micron/min, the average being 0.6 micron/min. In the Chinese hamster cells the rate DNA replication is greater, varying from 0.3 to 1.2 micron/min, the average being 0.8 micron/min. There are no clusters containing a great number of replication units in human and Chinese hamster cells. Sequences consisting of two or three replicons which belong to single DNA molecule have been observed, but their frequency was relatively low. The distances between the initiation points in such sequences of replicons vary from 40 to 280 micron, the average value being 130 micron. This value represents the minimum size of the replication units which have completed the DNA synthesis within 3 h of the S-period. The DNA synthesis in most replication units fails to be accomplished within the three hours of labelling. The process can be completed only in the fragments of DNA molecules of 40 to 200 micron (the average value being 100 micron) in human cells, whereas in the Chinese hamster cells the fragments of 40 to 250 micron (the average being about 140 micron) are completely replicated. Provided that the replicaton is bidirectional the complete replicons are supposed to contain two such fragments. Consequently, the greater part of replication units in mammalian cells covers the pieces of a few hundred microns in DNA molecules. The relation between replication process at the DNA molecules level and that at the metaphase chromosome level is discussed.