Sex and time trends in cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study, 1950-1989.

Variations in cardiovascular disease mortality between sexes, over time, and across regions point to population differences in the biologic, behavioral, and environmental factors influencing cardiovascular health. The authors examined 20-year trends in risk factors, incidence, and mortality among women and men in Framingham, Massachusetts, who were members of the Framingham Heart Study and aged 50-59 years in 1950, 1960, and 1970. The incidence declined 21% between the female cohorts (p < 0.01 for trend) with the greatest decline occurring between the 1950 and 1960 cohorts. The 20-year incidence declined only 6% between the male cohorts despite an 18% decline (p < 0.05 for trend) during the first 10 years of follow-up. Cardiovascular disease mortality declined 59% between the female cohorts and 53% between the male cohorts (both p < 0.001 for trend). The largest mortality declines occurred between the 1950 and 1960 female cohorts during the second 10 years of follow-up and between the 1960 and 1970 male cohorts during both follow-up periods. Obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and high blood pressure were significantly lower at baseline and 10 years later in the 1970 female cohort compared with the 1950 cohort (all p < 0.001). Smoking and high blood pressure were significantly lower at baseline and 10 years later in the 1970 male cohort compared with the 1950 cohort (both p < 0.001). More than half of the 51% decline in coronary heart disease mortality observed in women between 1950 and 1989 and one third to one half of the 44% decline observed in men could be attributed to improvements in risk factors in the 1970 cohorts.