Specificity and functional significance of DNA interaction with the nuclear matrix: new approaches to clarify the old questions.

In this chapter the specificity of chromosomal DNA partitioning into topological loops is discussed. Different experimental approaches used for the analysis of the above problem are critically reviewed. This discussion is followed by presentation of a novel approach for mapping the DNA loop anchorage sites that we have developed. This approach, based on the excision of the whole DNA loops by topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage at matrix attachment sites, seems to constitute a unique tool for the analysis of topological organization of chromosomal DNA in living cells. We also discuss experimental results indicating that the DNA-loop anchorage sites form "weak points" in chromosomes that are preferentially sensitive to cleavage with both endogenous and exogenous nucleases. In connection with this discussion, rationales for the supposition that DNA loops constitute basic units of eukaryotic genome organization and evolution are considered. The chapter concludes by suggesting a new model of spatial organization of eukaryotic genome within the cell nucleus that resolves apparent contradictions between different data on the specificity of DNA interaction with the nuclear matrix.