Transbronchial needle aspiration and percutaneous needle aspiration for staging and diagnosis of lung cancer.

In summary, knowledge of the exact location of lymph nodes in mediastinum and hilar areas and their relationship to the puncture site of TBNA is the first step to a successful TBNA. The necessity to determine the N3 status and multistation status of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma being evaluated for surgery and the current financial restraint of the medical care system further highlight the potential of this simple, effective, and safe procedure. TBNA can markedly enhance the diagnostic yield of flexible bronchoscopy. TBNA and PCNA are complimentary procedures.