Diagnosis and treatment of fractures of the facial bones in children 1943-1993.

It is clear that the foundations for diagnosis and the basic principles of management have changed little since 1943 and probably since the work of Kazanjian in World War I. Major advances have occurred, with modern techniques of airway management (particularly fiberoptic laryngoscopy), anesthesia, and an understanding of fluid and electrolyte balance and behavioral issues in children. In addition, the advent of antibiotics; new imaging techniques (particularly CT), and availability of new instrumentation and rigid internal fixation have all revolutionized the specific treatment of pediatric facial fractures. Craniofacial techniques, pioneered by Dr Paul Tessler, have significantly altered and improved treatment of pediatric midface fractures. Progress in the biology of bone healing will surely mark the next 50 years.