The Lombard reflex and its role on human listeners and automatic speech recognizers.

Automatic speech recognition experiments show that, depending on the task performed and how speech variability is modeled, automatic speech recognizers are more or less sensitive to the Lombard reflex. To gain an understanding about the Lombard effect with the prospect of improving performance of automatic speech recognizers, (1) an analysis was made of the acoustic-phonetic changes occurring in Lombard speech, and (2) the influence of the Lombard effect on speech perception was studied. Both acoustic and perceptual analyses suggest that the influence of the Lombard effect on male and female speakers is different. The analyses also bring to light that, even if some tendencies across speakers can be observed consistently, the Lombard reflex is highly variable from speaker to speaker. Based on the results of the acoustic and perceptual studies, some ways of dealing with Lombard speech variability in automatic speech recognition are also discussed.