Resonance Raman spectroscopy of the azurin His117Gly mutant. Interconversion of type 1 and type 2 copper sites through exogenous ligands.

The copper center of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa His117Gly azurin mutant is accessible to exogenous ligands through an aperture in its surface created by the removal of the endogenous imidazole ligand. Depending on the exogenous ligand, a surprising variety of type 1 and type 2 copper sites can be obtained that are readily distinguished by electronic, EPR, and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. The RR spectrum of type 1 H117G with exogenous imidazole is nearly identical to that of wild-type azurin, indicating that the trigonal geometry and short Cu-S(Cys) bond of approximately 2.15 A have been maintained. With anionic ligands (e.g., Cl-, Br-, N3-), the RR spectra show increased intensity at 370 and 400 cm-1 and a corresponding decrease in intensity at 410 cm-1, suggesting a lengthening of the Cu-S(Cys) bond as the site achieves a more tetrahedral character. An extreme example is the hydroxide adduct of H117G which is green in color and has optical and RR spectra reminiscent of the tetrahedral type 1 site in Achromobacter cycloclastes nitrite reductase. The fact that the basic RR pattern is little changed in most of the type 1 adducts indicates that the RR spectrum is due primarily to vibrations of the Cu-cysteinate moiety and that its coplanar conformation is conserved. Type 2 H117G proteins are formed by the addition of bidentate exogenous ligands such as histidine and histamine. They have their absorption maxima blue-shifted to 400 nm and their EPR A parallel values increased to approximately 160 x 10(-4) cm-1, both of which are characteristic of tetragonal Cu sites with Cu-S(thiolate) bonds of > 2.25 A. The RR spectra of the type 2 H117G proteins are still dominated by multiple cysteinate-related vibrational modes. However, the vibrational modes with the greatest intensity and Cu-S(Cys) stretching character have shifted approximately 100 cm-1 to lower energy compared to the type 1 sites, consistent with a longer (Cys)S-Cu bond. It is proposed that the tetragonal type 2 character of the bidentate ligand complexes is due to the addition of a fourth strong ligand in the equatorial ligand plane.