Ions required for the electrogenic transport of GABA by horizontal cells of the catfish retina.

1. Solitary horizontal cells were isolated from catfish retinas. Membrane currents activated by extracellular and intracellular GABA were characterized during a whole-cell voltage clamp. 2. Extracellular GABA activated two currents: a GABAA current, and an 'influx' current mediated by a GABA transporter. The influx current was studied after the GABAA current was blocked with 0.5 mM picrotoxin. The influx current required extracellular Na+ and Cl-. Extracellular Na+ could not be replaced by another alkali metal cation. 3. The influx current also depended upon the identity of ions in the intracellular solution. Either an intracellular alkali metal cation or Cl- was required to produce an influx current. 4. The influx current was inward at -75 mV and decreased as the membrane was depolarized towards +20 mV. When the membrane was depolarized beyond +25 mV, the polarity of the current depended upon the ion composition of the intracellular solution and could be inward, zero or outward. 5. The introduction of GABA into a cell during the course of an experiment produced an outward current. This 'efflux' current was small at -75 mV and increased with depolarization. The efflux current required intracellular Na+ and Cl-. Intracellular Na+ could not be replaced by another alkali metal cation. 6. The efflux current also depended upon the identity of ions in the extracellular solution. An extracellular alkali metal cation was required to produce an efflux current. Removing extracellular Cl- did not affect the efflux current. 7. The outward movement of GABA produced a local accumulation in extracellular GABA concentration that could be detected by the activation of the GABAA current. GABA efflux only occurred during conditions that produced an efflux current. Electroneutral efflux did not occur. 8. In the absence of GABA, extracellular alkali metal cations produced a 'leakage' current. The leakage current was inward at -75 mV and decreased as the membrane was depolarized towards +20 mV. When the membrane was depolarized beyond +25 mV, the polarity of the leakage current depended, like the GABA influx current, upon the ion composition of the intracellular solution and could be inward, zero or outward. The addition of GABA to the intracellular solution produced an efflux current and suppressed the leakage current. 9. We conclude that the transporter mediates electrogenic influx, efflux and leakage. Each mode of operation depends upon ions on both sides of the membrane. Influx and efflux are not symmetrical.