Engineering plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 mutants with increased functional stability.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), a member of the serine protease inhibitor (Serpin) superfamily, is the primary inhibitor of the plasminogen activators tPA and uPA. PAI-1 is produced in an active form but converts to an inactive or latent form with a half-life of approximately 1 h at pH 7.5, 37 degrees C. This study describes the construction, expression, and characterization of PAI-1 mutants with increased functional stability. Three mutations that disrupt an ion pair, present in latent PAI-1, between Arg-30 and Glu-350 (P4'), were introduced into recombinant PAI-1. All three mutant proteins maintained normal functional activity against both uPA and tPA. However, the half-life of each purified PAI-1 mutant was extended compared to the 1.1 h observed for wild-type PAI-1 (wtPAI-1) (1.2 h for Glu-350-->Arg, 2.0 h for Glu-350-->Pro, and 2.1 h for the Arg-30-->Glu mutation). An additional PAI-1 variant containing a second mutation designed to potentially reconstitute the ion pair (Arg-30-->Glu, Glu-350-->Arg) failed to restore the wild-type half-life. Circular dichroism spectra analysis indicated that the active and latent forms of wtPAI-1 and all four mutants contained similar secondary structural elements. Thermal stability determinations showed that latent wtPAI-1 was much more structurally stable than the active conformation. However, the latent form for all four mutants was significantly less stable than the corresponding wtPAI-1 conformer. This is the first report of PAI-1 mutants which have been specifically engineered to produce enhanced functional stability.