The biology of SPARC, a protein that modulates cell-matrix interactions.

An extracellular matrix-associated glycoprotein expressed in a variety of tissues during embryogenesis and repair, SPARC contains modular domains that can function independently to bind cells and matrix components. Because SPARC can selectively disrupt cellular contacts with matrix and thereby effect changes in cell shape, it has been referred to as an antiadhesin. Inhibition of the expression of SPARC altered axial development in frogs, and deregulated expression in nematode worms resulted in a derangement of muscle attachment and embryonic lethality. SPARC also inhibits cell cycle progression in vitro, in part through a cationic, disulfide-bonded region that is homologous to a repeated domain in the cytokine inhibitor, follistatin. Moreover, SPARC binds specifically to the B chain of platelet-derived growth factor and alters the response of cells to several cytokines. Although information concerning the expression, biochemical properties, and cellular activities of SPARC has increased significantly over the last decade, the precise function of the protein has not been resolved. Goals of future studies include characterization of cell-surface receptors for SPARC and the interactions with morphogens and growth factors that regulate specific activities during animal development.