Genome evolution: between the nucleosome and the chromosome.

Intermediate between DNA sequences and broad patterns of karyotypic change there is a major gap in understanding genome structure and evolution. The gap is at the megabase level between genes and chromosomes. New methods for analyzing large DNA fragments cloned in yeast or bacterial vectors provide experimental access to genome evolution at the megabase level by enabling the assembly of megabase-size contiguous regions. Genome evolution at the megabase level can also be studied using high-resolution genetic maps. Rates and patterns of genome evolution in mammals (mouse versus humans) and Drosophila (D. virilis versus D. melanogaster) are compared and contrasted. Opportunities for research in genome evolution using the new technologies are enumerated and discussed.