STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine (i) the extent of illness caused by contamination of a waterworks with waste water due to overflow, and its correlation with precipitation; (ii) the potential secondary spread; (iii) economic losses due to sick leave. DESIGN: A historical follow up study with structured postal questionnaires. SETTING: A small community on the outskirts of greater Copenhagen at the end of 1991 and the beginning of 1992. PARTICIPANTS: The main study group comprised all 703 households supplied by the waterworks (response rate: 89% of households). There was a control group of 200 randomly chosen households in neighbouring communities with a different water supply source (response rate: 64% of households). A day care group of all 149 children (response rate: 78%) and 30 teachers (response rate: 83%) who lived in central Copenhagen, but spent the day in four day care centres supplied by the waterworks, and members of their household was also studied. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Altogether 1455 people (88% of respondents in the main study group) reported having had symptoms of gastroenteritis, particularly diarrhoea (83%) and vomiting (55%). In the control group, 10% had had symptoms of gastroenteritis. The onset of episodes with diarrhoea correlated well with precipitation (Spearman's correlation coefficient: 0.75; p = 0.0002). The secondary attack rate in household contacts was 12%. No pathogens were found. Affected people stayed home from work for a total of 1658 days. The cost of loss of production because of sick leave amounted to 1,600,000 Danish kroner (180,000 pounds). CONCLUSIONS: The outbreak caused extensive illness correlated with precipitation, showed secondary spread, and was associated with major economic losses. Increased awareness among local physicians and waterworks personnel of the possibility of contamination of the water could have led to earlier intervention and reduced the extent of illness. Outbreaks are often caused by several factors, many of a technical nature, which in this case acted together. It is recommended that attention be paid to each factor.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine (i) the extent of illness caused by contamination of a waterworks with waste water due to overflow, and its correlation with precipitation; (ii) the potential secondary spread; (iii) economic losses due to sick leave. DESIGN: A historical follow up study with structured postal questionnaires. SETTING: A small community on the outskirts of greater Copenhagen at the end of 1991 and the beginning of 1992. PARTICIPANTS: The main study group comprised all 703 households supplied by the waterworks (response rate: 89% of households). There was a control group of 200 randomly chosen households in neighbouring communities with a different water supply source (response rate: 64% of households). A day care group of all 149 children (response rate: 78%) and 30 teachers (response rate: 83%) who lived in central Copenhagen, but spent the day in four day care centres supplied by the waterworks, and members of their household was also studied. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Altogether 1455 people (88% of respondents in the main study group) reported having had symptoms of gastroenteritis, particularly diarrhoea (83%) and vomiting (55%). In the control group, 10% had had symptoms of gastroenteritis. The onset of episodes with diarrhoea correlated well with precipitation (Spearman's correlation coefficient: 0.75; p = 0.0002). The secondary attack rate in household contacts was 12%. No pathogens were found. Affected people stayed home from work for a total of 1658 days. The cost of loss of production because of sick leave amounted to 1,600,000 Danish kroner (180,000 pounds). CONCLUSIONS: The outbreak caused extensive illness correlated with precipitation, showed secondary spread, and was associated with major economic losses. Increased awareness among local physicians and waterworks personnel of the possibility of contamination of the water could have led to earlier intervention and reduced the extent of illness. Outbreaks are often caused by several factors, many of a technical nature, which in this case acted together. It is recommended that attention be paid to each factor.
Authors: D M Morens; R M Zweighaft; T M Vernon; G W Gary; J J Eslien; B T Wood; R C Holman; R Dolin Journal: Lancet Date: 1979-05-05 Impact factor: 79.321
Authors: Jaana I Halonen; Mika Kivimäki; Tuula Oksanen; Pekka Virtanen; Mikko J Virtanen; Jaana Pentti; Jussi Vahtera Journal: PLoS One Date: 2012-03-19 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Katri Jalava; Hanna Rintala; Jukka Ollgren; Leena Maunula; Vicente Gomez-Alvarez; Joana Revez; Marja Palander; Jenni Antikainen; Ari Kauppinen; Pia Räsänen; Sallamaari Siponen; Outi Nyholm; Aino Kyyhkynen; Sirpa Hakkarainen; Juhani Merentie; Martti Pärnänen; Raisa Loginov; Hodon Ryu; Markku Kuusi; Anja Siitonen; Ilkka Miettinen; Jorge W Santo Domingo; Marja-Liisa Hänninen; Tarja Pitkänen Journal: PLoS One Date: 2014-08-22 Impact factor: 3.240