More potent transcriptional activators or a transdominant inhibitor of the HNF1 homeoprotein family are generated by alternative RNA processing.

We report the isolation of cDNAs from human liver encoding several isoforms of the hepatocyte nuclear factor homeoproteins HNF1 and vHNF1 generated by the differential use of polyadenylation sites and by alternative splicing. In the novel isoforms intron sequences that are excised in the previously described forms are translated in the same frame as exon sequences until the first termination codon is encountered. Hence, the newly found isoforms all contain different C-terminal domains. For HNF1 it has been shown that its C-terminal region is responsible for the activation of transcription. In transient transfection assays the two novel HNF1 isoforms, HNF1-B and -C, transactivate 5-fold better than the previously described HNF1 protein (HNF1-A). The newly isolated isoform of vHNF1, designated vHNF1-C, is unable to transactivate and behaves as a transdominant repressor when cotransfected with HNF1-A, -B or -C. All of the different isoforms of HNF1 and vHNF1 can form homo- and heterodimers and their mRNAs are differentially expressed in fetal and adult human liver, kidney and intestine, suggesting distinct roles during development. Our studies show that the transactivation domain of the members of the HNF1 homeoprotein family is organized in modules which can be exchanged to generate either more potent transcriptional activators or a transdominant repressor.