Backbone dynamics of chymotrypsin inhibitor 2: effect of breaking the active site bond and its implications for the mechanism of inhibition of serine proteases.

The backbone dynamics of uniformly 15N-labeled chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 (CI2) and of the complex formed by the association of two fragments consisting of residues 20-59 and 60-83 have been studied. A data set consisting of 15N longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T1 rho) relaxation times and (1H)-15N NOE enhancements has been measured for all backbone NH groups in both proteins. Information on internal motions has been extracted from these data using the model-free approach to determine order parameters (S2) and effective internal correlation times (tau e). The data indicate that most of the backbone of CI2 is highly constrained (S2 approximately 0.9) with the exception of residues in the binding loop (residues 54-64), which have slightly lower order parameters. Most of the residues in the CI2(20-59).(60-83) complex are also highly constrained (S2 approximately 0.9). However, the loss of the covalent bond between Met59 and Glu60 leads to a large increase in the mobility of residues in the loop region. The residues in the first half of the loop region have significantly lower order parameters than those in the second half of the loop. This observation suggests that the NH2 group that is released on cleavage of the scissile bond remains anchored in its original position, inhibiting the attack of water on the acyl-enzyme that is formed between the protease and the cleaved inhibitor. More importantly, the NH2 group is optimally placed for reversing the formation of the acyl-enzyme so that the equilibrium between the cleaved and uncleaved inhibitor, bound to the protease, greatly favors the uncleaved complex.