OBJECTIVES: In the present study the diet and the nutritional status of pregnant Pakistani immigrant women have been compared with a group of Norwegian women. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of women in the 18th week of pregnancy. SETTING:Women referred to routine ultrasound examination at Aker and Ullevål Hospitals in Norway. SUBJECTS:All (58) healthy women of Pakistani origin referred from October of 1991 to January of 1992 were included, of whom 38 (66%) participated. Forty-five Norwegian women were randomly included in the same period and 38 (84%) of these women participated. RESULTS: The serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were significantly lower in the Pakistanis compared with the Norwegians (median 19 nmol/l vs 55 nmol/l, P < 0.001) and 83% of the Pakistani women had 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels below the reference value (< 30 nmol/l). The Pakistanis had higher levels of serum parathyroid hormone (median 2.6 vs 1.6 pmol/l, P < 0.001). The Pakistanis also had a lower dietary intake of vitamin D than that of the Norwegians (median 2.2 vs 3.3 micrograms/day, P < 0.05), and a lower total intake, including supplements (median 2.9 vs 7.0 micrograms/day, P < 0.001). Among the Pakistanis a correlation was found between the dietary intake of margarine, the main source of vitamin D in the diet, and the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum, r = 0.48 (P = 0.01). In general, the Pakistanis avoided any direct sunshine exposure, and no relation between outdoor activity and serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was found. The Pakistani women had a lower intake of calcium than the Norwegians (median 793 vs 1134 mg/day, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study has shown that Pakistani women living in Oslo are at great risk of developing vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy. The main reasons for this are avoidance of sun exposure, a low dietary intake of vitamin D, and no or little use of supplementation.
RCT Entities:
OBJECTIVES: In the present study the diet and the nutritional status of pregnant Pakistani immigrant women have been compared with a group of Norwegian women. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of women in the 18th week of pregnancy. SETTING:Women referred to routine ultrasound examination at Aker and Ullevål Hospitals in Norway. SUBJECTS: All (58) healthy women of Pakistani origin referred from October of 1991 to January of 1992 were included, of whom 38 (66%) participated. Forty-five Norwegian women were randomly included in the same period and 38 (84%) of these women participated. RESULTS: The serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were significantly lower in the Pakistanis compared with the Norwegians (median 19 nmol/l vs 55 nmol/l, P < 0.001) and 83% of the Pakistani women had 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels below the reference value (< 30 nmol/l). The Pakistanis had higher levels of serum parathyroid hormone (median 2.6 vs 1.6 pmol/l, P < 0.001). The Pakistanis also had a lower dietary intake of vitamin D than that of the Norwegians (median 2.2 vs 3.3 micrograms/day, P < 0.05), and a lower total intake, including supplements (median 2.9 vs 7.0 micrograms/day, P < 0.001). Among the Pakistanis a correlation was found between the dietary intake of margarine, the main source of vitamin D in the diet, and the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum, r = 0.48 (P = 0.01). In general, the Pakistanis avoided any direct sunshine exposure, and no relation between outdoor activity and serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was found. The Pakistani women had a lower intake of calcium than the Norwegians (median 793 vs 1134 mg/day, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study has shown that Pakistani women living in Oslo are at great risk of developing vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy. The main reasons for this are avoidance of sun exposure, a low dietary intake of vitamin D, and no or little use of supplementation.
Authors: Rachael M Biancuzzo; Azzie Young; Douglass Bibuld; Mona H Cai; Michael R Winter; Ellen K Klein; Allen Ameri; Richard Reitz; Wael Salameh; Tai C Chen; Michael F Holick Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2010-04-28 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: A L Darling; K H Hart; H M Macdonald; K Horton; A R Kang'ombe; J L Berry; S A Lanham-New Journal: Osteoporos Int Date: 2012-04-14 Impact factor: 4.507
Authors: Lisa M Bodnar; Hyagriv N Simhan; Robert W Powers; Michael P Frank; Emily Cooperstein; James M Roberts Journal: J Nutr Date: 2007-02 Impact factor: 4.798