E E Klein1, D A Low, J A Purdy. 1. Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The optimization of clinical electron beams is a challenge to accelerator manufacturers. There are numerous variations and reports of scattering-foil and applicator configurations. The accelerator at our facility was recently updated with new foils and applicators. We conducted many dosimetric tests to critically evaluate dosimetric changes and their clinical effects. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The new dual foil systems are thicker and have shaped disks seated on the lower foils. The 12 MeV beam no longer shares a common foil used for 6 and 9 MeV. The applicators now have denser collimating plates, and Fiberglas no longer connects the plates. The new applicator set includes a rectangular 10 x 6 cm applicator that uses one photon jaw setting for all energies. After the electron beam energies were tuned to previous specifications (energy according to ionization depths, symmetry to +/- 2%, and flatness to +/- 6%), recommissioning took place. Electron beam output checks at various source-to-skin distances (SSD) were conducted for all energies and applicators. Computer-driven water scanning provided percent depth dose, profile, isodose, and Bremsstrahlung data. Surface doses, in-air electron dispersion, effective SSDs, and leakage were also measured. All results compared the previous and updated systems. RESULTS: We found little change in relative percent depth doses for 100 cm SSD between the two systems. The differences in PDD due to increasing SSD, however, decreased with the updated system. Surface doses decreased in most cases, while Bremsstrahlung increased in all cases (typically by a factor of two). Beam uniformity indices increased significantly, while penumbra widths decreased. Diagonal profiles are now quite flat for large fields. For a 20 MeV beam, the 90% width along the diagonal axis for a 25 x 25 applicator at dmax depth has increased from 25 to 32 cm. There was little or no change in 'effective SSD' or in-air dispersion. Leakage outside the applicators was reduced by a factor of two to three. The flatness characteristics of the 10 x 6 cm applicator were poor in comparison to the improved flatness of the new square applicators. CONCLUSIONS: The updated scattering foil-applicator electron beam system has yielded many dosimetric changes. Major improvements have been made in beam flatness and leakage. These positive changes have not been accompanied by any clinically significant dosimetric deficiencies.
PURPOSE: The optimization of clinical electron beams is a challenge to accelerator manufacturers. There are numerous variations and reports of scattering-foil and applicator configurations. The accelerator at our facility was recently updated with new foils and applicators. We conducted many dosimetric tests to critically evaluate dosimetric changes and their clinical effects. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The new dual foil systems are thicker and have shaped disks seated on the lower foils. The 12 MeV beam no longer shares a common foil used for 6 and 9 MeV. The applicators now have denser collimating plates, and Fiberglas no longer connects the plates. The new applicator set includes a rectangular 10 x 6 cm applicator that uses one photon jaw setting for all energies. After the electron beam energies were tuned to previous specifications (energy according to ionization depths, symmetry to +/- 2%, and flatness to +/- 6%), recommissioning took place. Electron beam output checks at various source-to-skin distances (SSD) were conducted for all energies and applicators. Computer-driven water scanning provided percent depth dose, profile, isodose, and Bremsstrahlung data. Surface doses, in-air electron dispersion, effective SSDs, and leakage were also measured. All results compared the previous and updated systems. RESULTS: We found little change in relative percent depth doses for 100 cm SSD between the two systems. The differences in PDD due to increasing SSD, however, decreased with the updated system. Surface doses decreased in most cases, while Bremsstrahlung increased in all cases (typically by a factor of two). Beam uniformity indices increased significantly, while penumbra widths decreased. Diagonal profiles are now quite flat for large fields. For a 20 MeV beam, the 90% width along the diagonal axis for a 25 x 25 applicator at dmax depth has increased from 25 to 32 cm. There was little or no change in 'effective SSD' or in-air dispersion. Leakage outside the applicators was reduced by a factor of two to three. The flatness characteristics of the 10 x 6 cm applicator were poor in comparison to the improved flatness of the new square applicators. CONCLUSIONS: The updated scattering foil-applicator electron beam system has yielded many dosimetric changes. Major improvements have been made in beam flatness and leakage. These positive changes have not been accompanied by any clinically significant dosimetric deficiencies.