TBP binding and the rate of transcription initiation from the human beta-globin gene.

DNA-protein interaction studies in vitro revealed several factors binding over the TATA box and the region of transcription initiation (cap) site of the human beta-globin promoter; TATA binding protein TBP at -30, Sp1 at -19, GATA-1 at -12 and +5, YY1 at -9 and a novel factor C1 over the site of initiation (-4 to +7). Point mutants which specifically abolish the binding of each of these proteins were tested in a beta-globin locus control region (LCR) construct which allows quantitative comparisons at physiological levels of transcription. Only mutants which drastically affect the binding of TBP resulted in decreased levels of transcription. A threshold value of TBP binding of 15-30% of wild type was sufficient to give normal levels of transcription. This indicates that the association of TF IID with the TATA box is not limiting in the rate of initiation of transcription.