Rac GTPase interacts with GAPs and target proteins through multiple effector sites.

Rac, a small GTPase in the ras superfamily, regulates at least two biological processes in animal cells: (i) the polymerization of actin and the assembly of integrin complexes to produce lamellipodia and ruffles; and (ii) the activity of an NADPH oxidase in phagocytic cells. NADPH oxidase activation is mediated through a rac effector protein, p67phox, and using chimeras made between rac and the closely related GTPase, rho, we have identified two distinct effector sites in rac, one N-terminal and one C-terminal, both of which are required for activation of p67phox. The same two effector sites are essential for rac-induced actin polymerization in fibroblasts. p65PAK, a ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase, interacts with rac at both the N- and C-terminal effector sites, but the GTPase-activating protein, bcr interacts with rac at a different region. This makes p65PAK, but not bcr, a candidate effector of rac-induced lamellipodium formation.