Modeling of dose-response relationships.

The main dose-response models for chronic toxicity are considered. For dichotomous response, the log probit, multi-hit, and multistage models are presented. For time-to-occurrence response, the log-normal and three variations of multistage models are presented. Finally, the Cornfield hockey-stick model is considered, and, for low-dose extrapolation, it is suggested that response be taken to be proportional to dose and to a power of time determined by background response.