Urine flow-dependence of theophylline renal clearance in man.

Theophylline renal clearance is highly dependent on urine flow rate and is neither concentration nor dose related. To examine the flow dependency, theophylline was administered in single doses (4.3 mg/kg to 8.6 mg/kg) to 14 volunteers. Seven of these volunteers participated in studies in which theophylline and metabolite concentrations were held constant at six different levels. Due to the diuretic effect of theophylline, its renal clearance contributed up to 70% of the time-averaged total clearance, dose/total area, in the first hour after a single dose. The contribution then dropped to 5% of the time-averaged total clearance when the normal urine flow rate was restored. As a consequence of extensive tubular reabsorption, the urine/plasma concentration ratio of theophylline varied with urine flow rate and approached the value of the unbound fraction in plasma. On assumption that the reabsorption is passive, a mathematical model was used to explain the urine flow dependence of reabsorption and, therefore, the renal clearance of theophylline.