Initiation of translation at internal AUG codons in mammalian cells.

Initiation of translation of eukaryotic mRNAs typically occurs at the first AUG triplet from the 5' end of the message, although several notable exceptions have been described. Using vectors which efficiently express the gene encoding the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus in monkey cells, we have studied the consequences of inserting ATG triplets in all three reading frames upstream of the usual translational initiation codon of this gene. In agreement with the scanning model for eukaryotic translation initiation, these additional codons can severely depress the initiation of translation at the 'authentic' start codon, although the extent of inhibition depends on sequences flanking the upstream AUG. Such inhibition can, however, be at least partially suppressed by the presence of a translation termination codon in-frame with the upstream AUG. These results raise the possibility that mammalian ribosomes can reinitiate translation at an AUG codon after previously initiating, and terminating, at an upstream site.