Effect of paraesophageal hernia on sphincter function and its implication on surgical therapy.

Fifteen patients with a paraesophageal hernia were studied with 24 hour esophageal pH monitoring and esophageal manometry to clarify the physiologic aspects of the cardia and resolve controversies over the type of surgical repair. The results were compared with those obtained in 34 randomly selected patients with a sliding hernia and 18 normal control subjects. Sixty percent of the patients with a paraesophageal hernia had an incompetent cardia on 24 hour pH studies which was associated with a lower esophageal sphincter of normal pressure, short overall length, and a small segment exposed to abdominal pressure. In comparison, 70 percent of patients with a sliding hernia had an incompetent cardia which was associated with a lower esophageal sphincter of low pressure, normal overall length, and a short segment exposed to abdominal pressure. With either type of hernia, symptoms were not helpful in determining the competency of the cardia. When urgent surgery is necessary, repair should include an antireflux procedure. If facilities and time permit, more specific evaluation of the cardia can be performed, and if competent, the repair should be limited to reduction of the stomach and closure of the defect.