Formulas for preparing phantom muscle tissue at various radiofrequencies.

The dielectric properties of various test samples of phantom tissue were measured using an automated and temperature-controlled slotted line. The ingredients for phantom materials were determined for simulating high-water content tissue at 13.56, 27.12, 40.68, 70, 100, 200, 300, 433, 750, 915, and 2,450 MHz. The ingredients consisted of water, TX-150 (a gelling agent), sodium chloride, and polyethylene powder (200-2,450 MHz) or aluminum powder (13.56-100 MHz). The dielectric constant and conductivity of these materials at different temperatures (15, 22, 30 degrees C) were characterized.