Considerations for the design, implementation, and interpretation of animal models of fetal alcohol effects.

Animal models have provided clear insights into the clinical manifestations of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE). The value of such models depends upon the strengths of the experimental procedures. Researchers interested in fetal alcohol effects must be aware of issues and considerations which strengthen their investigations and those issues which place limitations upon interpretations. Methodological considerations associated with the use of animal models, choice of a test animal, method of ethanol administration, control groups, and data analysis are discussed.