Properties of DNA rosettes and their relevance to chromosome structure.

We have studied the spreading conditions that lead to the formation of rosettes in DNA and chromatin preparations from the amphibians Bufo marinus and Bolitoglossa subpalmata and the bacterium Shigella. Both nuclear preparations and extensively deproteinized DNA produced rosettes. The longest fibers and the most symmetric rosettes were observed in amphibian nuclear spreadings. In this procedure purified nuclei were submitted immediately to Kleinschmidt spreading over various types of hypophase. Distilled-water hypophases were most conducive for rosette production or stability. Rosettes were observed with cytochrome C as the basic protein, but not with ribonuclease A and bovine serum albumin. We cannot prove that all rosettes are artifacts of the spreading procedure, but we believe that at least some result from the expansion of compact DNA doughnuts and other structures that are apparently formed in the presence of basic proteins in salt concentrations over 40 mM (Olins and Olins 1971; Manning 1979). The dilute hypophase requirements is explainable by the assumption that dilution and spreading effects unfold a compact precursor. Occasionally we have detected structures that appear to be intermediates in the process of doughnut unfolding and that illustrate a procedure that may give rise to rosettes.