Subsite structure and ligand binding mechanism of glucoamylase.

1. The basic concept and outline of the subsite theory were described, which correlates quantitatively the subsite structure (the arrangement of subsite affinities) to the action pattern of amylases in a unified manner. 2. The subsite structures of several amylases including glucoamylase were summarized. 3. In parallel with the theoretical prediction obtained therefrom, the binding subsites of glucose, gluconolactone and linear substrates to Rhizopus glucoamylase were investigated experimentally, by using steady-state inhibition kinetics, difference absorption spectrophotometry, and fluorometric titration. 4. From several lines of evidence, it was concluded that gluconolactone, a transition state analogue, is bound at Subsite 1 (nonreducing end side) where a tryptophan residue is located. 5. The stopped-flow kinetic studies have revealed that all the ligand bindings studied consist of two-step mechanism in which a bimolecular association between the enzyme and a ligand to form a loosely bound complex (EL) followed by the unimolecular isomerization process in which EL converts to the final firmly bound EL complex. For substrates the EL may be the productive complex and the fluorescence of the tryptophan located at Subsite 1 is quenched in their isomerization process, most probably a relocation of ligand to occupy this subsite.