Exploring the conformational roles of signal sequences: synthesis and conformational analysis of lambda receptor protein wild-type and mutant signal peptides.

Secretion of the Escherichia coli lambda receptor protein (LamB protein) appears from genetic evidence to be correlated with the predicted tendency of its signal sequence to adopt an alpha-helical conformation [Emr, S. D., & Silhavy, T. J. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 80, 4599]. We have tested this hypothesis by synthesizing major portions of signal sequences from the wild-type and mutant LamB proteins and analyzing their conformations by circular dichroism. The wild-type signal sequence contains a seven-residue hydrophobic region flanked by a proline and a glycine. Chou-Fasman rules predict that this segment will adopt an alpha-helical conformation. An export-deficient mutant is missing four residues from this region; the helix-breaking glycine and proline are thus separated by only three residues, and an alpha helix is not predicted to form. In each of the export-restored revertants, either the glycine or the proline is replaced with a residue which promotes helix formation. The helix content of the synthetic signal sequence fragments on the basis of CD measurements supports the secondary structure hypothesis described above. The relative helicity in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate, lysolecithin, or trifluoroethanol is as follows: wild type greater than R2 (Pro----Leu) greater than R1 (Gly----Cys) much greater than deletion mutant.