Targeting of E. coli beta-galactosidase to the nucleus in yeast.

In order to identify determinants governing nuclear protein localization, we constructed a set of hybrid genes by fusing the S. cerevisiae gene, MAT alpha 2, coding for a presumptive nuclear protein, and the E. coli gene, lacZ, coding for beta-galactosidase. The resultant hybrid proteins contain 3, 13, 25, 67, or all 210 amino acids of wild-type alpha 2 protein at the amino terminus and a constant, enzymatically active portion of beta-galactosidase at the carboxy terminus. Indirect immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation studies with yeast cells containing the alpha 2-LacZ hybrid proteins indicate that the alpha 2 segment can direct localization of beta-galactosidase to the nucleus. A segment as small as 13 amino acids from alpha 2 is sufficient for this localization. Comparison of amino acid sequences of other nuclear proteins with this region of alpha 2 reveals a sequence that may be necessary for nuclear targeting. Production of some alpha 2-LacZ hybrid proteins causes cell death, perhaps as a result of improper or incomplete localization. These studies also indicate that the alpha 2 protein, argued on genetic grounds to be a negative regulator, acts in the yeast nucleus.