Chemical cleavage of polyomavirus major structural protein VP1: identification of cleavage products and evidence that the receptor moiety resides in the carboxy-terminal region.

As a first step toward identifying the various functional regions of the polyomavirus major capsid protein VP1, we used recently developed methods for the chemical cleavage of proteins and the available polyomavirus sequence data to devise a scheme to produce large, identifiable peptides and generate a cleavage map of VP1. Formic acid (75%) was found to cleave VP1 at only two sites, producing three peptides of apparent molecular weights of 29,000, 16,000, and 2,000. The order of peptides in intact VP1 was determined by recleavage of partial products and was found to be 29,000, 16,000, and 2,000. Two-dimensional peptide mapping studies of 125I-labeled VP1 formic acid peptides established that the limit products of formic acid digestion contained mutually exclusive sets of labeled peptides when either trypsin or chymotrypsin was used and that together the formic acid peptides contained all of the 125I-labeled tryptic and chymotryptic peptides found in VP1. Iodosobenzoic acid (IBA) digestion produced four peptides separable by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with apparent molecular weights of 12,000, 8,000, 7,000, and 5,000. The approximate positions of the IBA peptides in the VP1 sequence were determined by cleavage of formic acid fragments with IBA. The number of peptides produced, their respective sizes, and their order in the intact VP1 molecule agree with predictions made from available sequence data, both for formic acid cleavage and IBA cleavage. In addition, the numbers of 125I-labeled tryptic peptides produced from digestion of VP1 formic acid peptides also agree with predictions made from the sequence information. These data establish with reasonable certainty that the peptides produced by formic acid cleavage and IBA cleavage of VP1 are indeed those predicted. Antibodies raised against spontaneously produced, previously undefined polypeptides resulting from degradation of VP1 reacted exclusively with the formic acid peptides derived from the C-terminal portion of VP1. These antibodies inhibited hemagglutination and neutralized polyomavirus virions. We interpret this to mean that at least some of the antigenic determinants of the receptor moiety reside in this portion of the VP1 sequence.