Genomic organization, DNA sequence, and expression of chicken embryonic histone genes.

We have isolated and characterized in detail 15 lambda Charon 4A recombinant bacteriophage containing histone genes from a chicken genomic library. Restriction enzyme-mapping analysis and Southern hybridization to sequenced, homologous histone probes indicate that these genes are not tandemly reiterated within the chicken genome; they usually reside in clusters even though there is no unique array of genes that appears to constitute a typical cluster. Chicken H4 and H1 genes were identified within the genomic recombinants and subsequently sequenced. Extensive regions of homology exist in the 5'- and 3'-flanking regions of the chicken H4 gene when compared to H4 genes from other organisms. In addition to the well documented histone-specific domains, two previously unreported regions of homology lie 5' to this gene: an octanucleotide and a pentanucleotide sequence lying 59 and 116 nucleotides upstream from the H4 gene CAP site, respectively. The H1 gene sequence predicts that the H1 polypeptide is 217 amino acids in length. The 5'-flanking domain of this gene contains, in addition to the transcriptional initiation site and the ATA box, two unusual sequences: one is a nonamer which resides 29 nucleotides upstream from the "ATA" box and is conserved in both the chicken and sea urchin H1 genes, while the other is a GC-rich repetitive sequence element. The majority of the chicken histone genes among the 15 unique lambda recombinant clones are expressed almost exclusively during in ovo development (i.e. from at least 4 days postfertilization up to hatching, about 20-21 days postfertilization) and appear not to be associated with any particular tissue type.