Thermal stability and protein structure.

Amino acid sequences have been compared for thermophilic and mesophilic molecules of ferredoxin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase. It is shown that Gly, Ser, Ser, Lys, and Asp in mesophiles are generally substituted by Ala, Ala, Thr, Arg, and Glu, respectively, in thermophiles. These exchanges suggest that thermal stability can be achieved by the addition of many small changes throughout the molecule without significant change in the backbone conformation. Their overall effect is primarily to increase internal and decrease external hydrophobicity as well as to favor helix stabilizing residues in helices. These substitutions minimize interruption of function or internal residue packing arrangements. Although the analysis has been confined to the above-mentioned molecules, the observed stabilizing principles may be more generally applicable.