Locomotor estimation of distance after visual scanning by children and adults.

Subjects (120 young adults and 120 children) were tested for their abilities to estimate visually the distance to a target 5 m away, then walk unaided by vision to that target as accurately as possible. Experimental groups were determined by visual scanning time (1, 5, or 10 s), delay between the end of visual scanning and the start of locomotion (0, 1, 3, or 5 s), and by age (9 year old children or young adult). Adults performed locomotor distance estimations based on visual scanning more accurately than children under all conditions. Increased scanning time resulted in more accurate performances by children but not by adults, and increased delays between the end of scanning and the start of locomotion caused decreases in accuracy for children only. These decrements were partially ameliorated by increased scanning time. The total time spent without vision after scanning the target (delay time plus walking time) was an important factor, with sharp increases in error for all delay conditions for children. The results are discussed in terms of trace decay effects and developmental aspects of visual guidance of locomotion.